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          New IEEE Standard - Superseded.<br />\n
          Design information for the methods historically and typically applied by substation designers to minimize direct lightning strokes to equipment and buswork within substations is provided. Two approaches, the classical empirical method and the electrogeometric model, are presented in detail. A third approach involving the use of active lightning terminals is also briefly reviewed.<br />\n
          \t\t\t\t<br />\n
          The scope of this guide is the identiÞcation and discussion of design procedures to provide direct stroke shielding of<br />\n
          outdoor distribution, transmission, and generating plant substations. All known methods of shielding from direct<br />\n
          strokes were investigated during the preparation of this guide, and information is provided on two methods found to be<br />\n
          widely used:<br />\n
          a) The classical empirical method<br />\n
          b) The electrogeometric model<br />\n
          A third approach, which involves the use of active lightning terminals, is brießy reviewed in clause 6.<br />\n
          This guide does not purport to include all shielding methods that may have been developed. The guide also does not<br />\n
          address protection from surges entering a substation over power or communication lines or the personnel safety issues.<br />\n
          Users of this guide should thoroughly acquaint themselves with all factors that relate to the design of a particular<br />\n
          installation and use good engineering judgment in the application of the methods given here, particularly with respect<br />\n
          to the importance and value of the equipment being protected.<br />\n
          The intent of this guide is to provide design information for the methods historically and typically applied by<br />\n
          substation designers to minimize direct lightning strokes to equipment and buswork within substations. The general<br />\n
          nature of lightning is discussed in clause 2 and the problems associated with providing protection from direct strikes<br />\n
          are described in clause 3. The methods reviewed in this guide for designing a system of protection are explained in<br />\n
          clauses 4 and 5, and sample calculations are given in annex B to illustrate use of the methods. Clause 7 contains an<br />\n
          extensive bibliography for further study of the subject.
          """
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