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          This standard on piezoelectricity contains many equations based upon the analysis of vibrations in piezoelectric materials having simple geometrical shapes. Mechanical and electrical dissipation are never introduced into the theoretical treatment, and except for a brief discussion of nonlinear effects in Section , all the results are based on linear piezoelectricity in which the elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric coefficients are treated as constants independent of the magnitude and frequency of applied mechanical stresses and electric fields. Real materials involve mechanical and electrical dissipation. In addition, they may show strong nonlinear behavior, hysteresis effects, temporal instability (aging), and a variety of magneto-mechano-electric interactions. For example, poled ferroelectric ceramics, commonly called piezoelectric ceramics, are a class of materials of major importance in commercial applications; yet because of the presence of ferroelectric domains, they exhibit a variety of nonlinearities and aging effects which are not within the scope of this standard. Although this standard does not treat nonlinear or aging effects in ceramics, it does present the equations commonly used to determine the piezoelectric properties of poled ceramic materials and uses the elastoelectric matrices of the equivalent crystal class (6mm) in a number of examples. It is not possible to state concisely a specific set of conditions under which the definitions and equations contained in this standard apply. In many cases of practical interest mechanical dissipation is the most important limitation on the validity of an analysis carried out for an ideal piezoelectric material. ANSI/IEEE Std 177-1966 [5] discusses in detail the electrical characteristics of resonators made of materials with mechanical losses and the simple equivalent circuit that can be used to represent these resonators in a frequency range near fundamental resonance. Section of this standard also provides discussion of the bounds imposed on the application of this standard to real materials. In brief, measurements based on this standard will be most meaningful when they are carried out on piezoelectric materials with small dissipations and negligible nonlinearities, like single-crystal dielectric solids or high-coupling-factor ceramics.
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          Standard is being revised to include current technologies and to provide minor clarifications on technical points that have been found difficult to interpret or understand. Original Purpose: The manufacturers of electromagnetic field sensors and probes currently calibrate them in accordance with the company standards rather than consensus standards. The result is that calibrations are not consistent. A standard calibration method would produce more uniform results. The calibration shall be readily traceable to NIST.
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          Electric power systems in industrial plants and commercial and institutional buildings are designed to serve loads in a safe and reliable manner. One of the major considerations in the design of a power system is adequate control of short circuits or faults as they are commonly called. Uncontrolled short-circuits can cause service outage with accompanying production downtime and associated inconvenience, interruption of essential facilities or vital services, extensive equipment damage, personnel injury or fatality, and possible fire damage. Short-circuits are caused by faults in the insulation of a circuit, and in many cases an arc ensues at the point of the fault. Such an arc may be destructive and may constitute a fire hazard. Prolonged duration of arcs, in addition to the heat released, may result in transient overvoltages that may endanger the insulation of equipment in other parts of the system. Clearly, the fault must be quickly removed from the power system, and this is the job of the circuit protective devices—the circuit breakers and fusible switches. A short-circuit current generates heat that is proportional to the square of the current magnitude, I2R. The large amount of heat generated by a short-circuit current may damage the insulation of rotating machinery and apparatus that is connected into the faulted system, including cables, transformers, switches, and circuit breakers. The most immediate danger involved in the heat generated by short-circuit currents is permanent destruction of insulation. This may be followed by actual fusion of the conducting circuit, with resultant additional arcing faults. The heat that is generated by high short-circuit currents tends not only to impair insulating materials to the point of permanent destruction, but also exerts harmful effects upon the contact members in interrupting devices. The small area common between two contact members that are in engagement depends mainly upon the hardness of the contact material and upon the amount of pressure by which they are kept in engagement. Owing to the concentration of the flow of current at the points of contact engagement, the temperatures of these points reached at the times of peak current are very high. As a result of these high spot temperatures, the material of which the contact members are made may soften. If, however, the contact material is caused to melt by excessive I2R losses, there is an imminent danger of welding the contacts together rendering it impossible to separate the contact members when the switch or circuit breaker is called upon to open the circuit. Since it requires very little time to establish thermal equilibrium at the small points of contact engagement, the temperature at these points depends more upon the peak current than upon the rms current. If the peak current is sufficient to cause the contact material to melt, resolidification may occur immediately upon decrease of the current from its peak value. Other important effects of short-circuit currents are the strong electromagnetic forces of attraction and repulsion to which the conductors are subjected when short-circuit currents are present. These forces are proportional to the square of the current and may subject any rotating machinery, transmission, and switching equipment to severe mechanical stresses and strains. The strong electromagnetic forces that high short-circuit currents exert upon equipment can cause deformation in rotational machines, transformer windings, and equipment bus bars, which may fail at a future time.<br />\n
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          Consensus calibration methods for electromagnetic (EM) field sensors and probes are provided. Data recording and reporting requirements are given, and methods for estimating measurement uncertainty are specified.<br />\n
          \t\t\t\t<br />\n
          This standard includes calibration methods for electromagnetic field sensors and probes, excluding antennas per se, for the frequency range from 9 kHz to 40 GHz. The standard defines the characteristics, use and measurement uncertainties for electromagnetic field sensors and field probes. Areas described include: anisotropy effects, temperature effects, probe linearity effects, modulation effects, source and conductor proximity (near-field) effects, response in multi-frequency fields, partial- vs. full-immersion of probe/meter, non-purity and harmonic field effects caused by amplifiers. Specific instructions are provided for proper calibration of probes for different applications.<br />\n
          This standard provides consensus calibration methods for electromagnetic field sensors and probes. Calibration organizations and other users need uniform calibration methods to obtain consistent results. The calibration methods of this standard will produce results readily traceable to a national measurement institute.
          """
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        #shortDescription: "IEEE Standard for Calibration of Electromagnetic Field Sensors and Probes (Excluding Antennas) from 9 kHz to 40 GHz"
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